Official topics · annotated
Pécs Entrance Exam Topic List 2027, Annotated
All 50 topics of University of Pécs's official topic list, in its own words, each with what to know, the IvyTest lessons that teach it and the questions of our free sample test that test it. Tick a topic off when you have it; your ticks stay in this browser.
Based on "Entrance exam topics", the page on University of Pécs's admissions site, as it read on 15 October 2026 (the page carries no date of its own). The official wording is quoted as printed; the notes and links are IvyTest's.
Before you start
How to use this list
The University of Pécs lists these 30 Biology and 20 Chemistry topics for the written exam and recommends OpenStax Biology 2e and Chemistry 2e to learn them from. It publishes no topic list for General English (40 questions) or Medical English (20), which together are 60 of the 100: the practice paper covers both in the official sample's format. Work through a group at a time: read the note, learn it from the lesson, then check yourself on the practice paper's questions before you tick it.
The lessons are part of the University of Pécs Complete Admissions System and open for students who have it; a lesson marked "members" links to the University of Pécs guide, which says what it includes.
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30 topics
Biology
Cells, Viruses and Biomolecules
What to know: Nucleus or nucleoid, membrane-bound organelles, 70S against 80S ribosomes, circular against linear DNA, cell walls (peptidoglycan in bacteria), size, and binary fission against mitosis.
Lesson (members): Bacteria, viruses & microorganismsSample question 1
Cells, Viruses and Biomolecules
What to know: Viruses as acellular obligate intracellular parasites: capsid, envelope, DNA or RNA genome, retroviruses and reverse transcriptase, lytic and lysogenic cycles, and why antibiotics do not work on them.
Lesson (members): Bacteria, viruses & microorganismsSample question 2
Cells, Viruses and Biomolecules
What to know: Polysaccharides, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids: their monomers, the bonds that join them (glycosidic, ester, peptide, phosphodiester) and their jobs as stores, structures, enzymes and information.
Lesson (members): CarbohydratesLesson (members): Lipids & biological membranesLesson (members): Proteins & enzymes
Molecular Genetics
What to know: What each experiment showed and how: Griffith's transformation of R by heat-killed S pneumococci, Avery's enzymes that destroyed DNA but not protein, and Hershey and Chase's ³²P (DNA) entering the bacteria while ³⁵S (protein) stayed outside.
Lesson (members): DNA structure & replicationSample question 7
Molecular Genetics
What to know: Semiconservative replication (Meselson and Stahl), helicase, primase, DNA polymerase working 5′→3′, the leading strand and the lagging strand's Okazaki fragments joined by ligase, and proofreading.
Molecular Genetics
What to know: RNA polymerase reading the template strand 3′→5′ to make RNA 5′→3′, U in place of T, promoters, and in eukaryotes the 5′ cap, poly-A tail and splicing out of introns.
Lesson (members): Transcription, RNA & translationSample question 8
Molecular Genetics
What to know: Triplet codons, 64 codons for 20 amino acids (degenerate, not ambiguous), AUG as start, three stop codons, a nearly universal code, and how a reading frame is set and shifted.
Molecular Genetics
What to know: Ribosome subunits and the A, P and E sites, tRNA anticodons and their amino acids, initiation at AUG, elongation by peptide bonds, termination at a stop codon by release factors.
Organelles and Membrane Transport
What to know: The fluid-mosaic phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and proteins; simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis, primary and secondary active transport (the Na⁺/K⁺ pump: 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in), endocytosis and exocytosis.
Lesson (members): Cell membranes & membrane transportSample question 3
Organelles and Membrane Transport
What to know: The double nuclear envelope and its pores, chromatin (euchromatin and heterochromatin), histones and nucleosomes, and the nucleolus, where ribosomal RNA is made and ribosome subunits assembled.
Organelles and Membrane Transport
What to know: Microtubules (tubulin; spindle, cilia, flagella, centrioles), actin microfilaments (cell shape, movement, cytokinesis) and intermediate filaments (mechanical strength), and motor proteins.
Organelles and Membrane Transport
What to know: Rough ER with ribosomes making secreted and membrane proteins; smooth ER making lipids and steroids, detoxifying drugs and storing Ca²⁺ (the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle).
Organelles and Membrane Transport
What to know: The Golgi modifying, sorting and packaging proteins (cis to trans face, glycosylation); lysosomes with acid hydrolases breaking down material taken in and worn-out organelles (autophagy).
Organelles and Membrane Transport
What to know: Outer and inner membranes, cristae and matrix, where the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation happen; the evidence for endosymbiosis: own circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, division by fission, double membrane.
Lesson (members): Cell structure & organellesSample question 4
Cell Division
What to know: The cell cycle (G1, S, G2, M), the phases of mitosis in order and what happens to chromosomes and chromatids in each, cytokinesis, and two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
Cell Division
What to know: Two divisions from one replication, homologous pairing and crossing over in prophase I, independent assortment, the halving of chromosome number in meiosis I, and how it differs from mitosis.
Skeleton, Muscle and Skin
What to know: Axial and appendicular skeleton, the main bones of the skull, spine, thorax, girdles and limbs, the types of joint, and bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, calcium store and red marrow.
Lesson (members): Skeletal system, bones & jointsSample question 12
Immunity, Reproduction and Development
What to know: Innate defences (barriers, phagocytes, inflammation, complement) against adaptive immunity (B cells and antibodies, helper and cytotoxic T cells), primary and secondary responses, active and passive immunity, vaccination.
Lesson (members): Innate & adaptive immunityLesson (members): Infection, vaccination & host defenceSample question 19
Circulation, Blood and Respiration
What to know: The four chambers and valves, the path of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits, the SA node and conduction, arteries, veins and capillaries, and cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate.
Lesson (members): Cardiovascular system & bloodSample question 13
Circulation, Blood and Respiration
What to know: Plasma and its proteins, red cells and haemoglobin, the white cell types, platelets and clotting (fibrinogen to fibrin), and the ABO and Rh blood groups with who can receive from whom.
Lesson (members): Cardiovascular system & bloodSample question 9
Circulation, Blood and Respiration
What to know: The airways and alveoli, breathing by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, gas exchange by diffusion, the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve and its right shift (more CO₂, lower pH, higher temperature), CO₂ carried mostly as bicarbonate.
Lesson (members): Respiratory system & gas exchangeSample question 14
Digestion, Liver and Excretion
What to know: The nephron in order (glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct), filtration, reabsorption and secretion, and how ADH and aldosterone control water and salt.
Lesson (members): Urinary system, kidney & osmoregulationSample question 17
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
What to know: Central and peripheral, somatic and autonomic divisions, the neuron, the resting and action potentials (Na⁺ in, K⁺ out), saltatory conduction, chemical synapses, and sympathetic against parasympathetic effects.
Lesson (members): Nervous system & sensory physiologySample question 16
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
What to know: The glands and their hormones (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads), steroid hormones acting inside the cell against peptide hormones at surface receptors, and negative feedback.
Lesson (members): Endocrine system & hormonesSample question 15
Digestion, Liver and Excretion
What to know: The tract from mouth to colon, which enzyme digests what and where (amylase, pepsin, trypsin, lipase, maltase), bile emulsifying fat, absorption in the small intestine's villi, and fat-soluble against water-soluble vitamins.
Digestion, Liver and Excretion
What to know: The liver's jobs (bile, storing glycogen, making plasma proteins, urea from ammonia, detoxification) and its portal blood supply; the spleen filtering blood, removing old red cells and housing lymphocytes.
Lesson (members): Digestive system & nutritionSample question 18
Skeleton, Muscle and Skin
What to know: The sarcomere (Z lines, A and I bands, H zone), the sliding filament mechanism, Ca²⁺ freeing the binding sites on actin, ATP detaching myosin, and what shortens (I band, H zone, sarcomere) and what does not (A band).
Skeleton, Muscle and Skin
What to know: Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis, keratin and melanin, sweat and sebaceous glands, hair, the skin's roles in protection, thermoregulation and sensation, and making vitamin D in sunlight.
Immunity, Reproduction and Development
What to know: Male and female anatomy, spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the menstrual cycle with FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone, fertilisation and implantation, and the early stages of embryonic development.
Lesson (members): Reproductive system & human developmentSample question 20
Human Genetics and Inheritance
What to know: Dominant and recessive, autosomal and X-linked inheritance with Punnett squares and pedigrees, ABO and Rh genotypes, and mutation types (substitution, missense, nonsense, frameshift).
Lesson (members): Mendelian geneticsLesson (members): Non-Mendelian & human geneticsSample question 9Sample question 10
20 topics
Chemistry
Essential Elements and Water
What to know: The main bioelements (C, H, O, N, P, S) and trace elements such as Fe, Zn and I, and water's polarity, hydrogen bonds, high specific heat and power as a solvent.
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
What to know: Groups and periods, metals and non-metals, the trends in atomic radius, ionisation energy, electron affinity and electronegativity, and reading an ion's usual charge from its group.
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
What to know: Protons, neutrons and electrons, atomic and mass numbers, isotopes and ions, and filling shells and subshells to write an electron configuration.
Lesson (members): Atomic structure & electronic configurationSample question 22Sample question 23
Stoichiometry and Gas Laws
What to know: The mole, molar mass and Avogadro's number, balancing equations, converting between mass, moles, particles and gas volume, and finding the limiting reactant.
Lesson (members): Measurement, quantities & the moleLesson (members): Stoichiometry & chemical equationsSample question 26Sample question 35
Chemical Bonding and Intermolecular Forces
What to know: Ionic, covalent, polar covalent and metallic bonds, molecular shape and polarity, and the intermolecular forces in order of strength: hydrogen bonds, dipole–dipole and London forces.
Lesson (members): Chemical bonding & molecular structureLesson (members): Intermolecular forcesSample question 24Sample question 25
Stoichiometry and Gas Laws
What to know: Boyle's, Charles's and Avogadro's laws, the ideal gas equation pV = nRT with temperatures in kelvin, and the molar volume of 22.4 dm³ at STP.
Lesson (members): States of matter & gas lawsSample question 27
Solutions and Concentration
What to know: Molarity (mol/dm³), mass per cent and density, converting cm³ to dm³, and dilution with c₁V₁ = c₂V₂.
Lesson (members): Solutions, solubility & concentrationSample question 28Sample question 29
Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
What to know: What speeds a reaction up (concentration, temperature, surface area, catalysts lowering the activation energy), dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium constant, and Le Chatelier's principle for concentration, pressure and temperature.
Lesson (members): Reaction kineticsLesson (members): Chemical equilibriumSample question 30Sample question 31
Acids, Bases, Buffers and pH
What to know: Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, strong against weak, pH and pOH (pH + pOH = 14), working pH out from [H⁺] or [OH⁻], salts that hydrolyse, and how a buffer resists a change in pH.
Lesson (members): Acids, bases, pH & buffersSample question 32Sample question 33
Redox and Electrochemistry
What to know: Assigning oxidation numbers, oxidation as loss and reduction as gain of electrons, oxidising and reducing agents, spotting a redox reaction by a change in oxidation number, and galvanic cells and electrolysis.
Lesson (members): Redox & electrochemistrySample question 34
Hydrocarbons and Aromatic Compounds
What to know: Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, naming and isomers, substitution in alkanes against addition to double bonds (and Markovnikov's rule for HBr), and combustion.
Lesson (members): Hydrocarbons & aromatic compoundsSample question 35
Hydrocarbons and Aromatic Compounds
What to know: Benzene's delocalised ring and its stability, substitution rather than addition as its typical reaction, and common derivatives such as toluene and phenol.
Lesson (members): Hydrocarbons & aromatic compoundsSample question 36
Functional Groups and Organic Reactions
What to know: Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols and what each oxidises to, hydrogen bonding and boiling points, phenol as a weak acid, and ethers (R–O–R) as unreactive solvents.
Functional Groups and Organic Reactions
What to know: The carbonyl group, an aldehyde's C=O at the end of the chain against a ketone's in the middle, aldehydes oxidising to carboxylic acids (and showing it in the Tollens and Fehling tests) while ketones do not, and reduction back to alcohols.
Functional Groups and Organic Reactions
What to know: Carboxylic acids as weak acids, esters made from an acid and an alcohol (esterification) and their hydrolysis, amides, and soaps as the sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids made by saponification.
Lesson (members): Carboxylic acids & derivativesSample question 38
Functional Groups and Organic Reactions
What to know: Primary, secondary and tertiary amines as weak bases, how an amine differs from an amide, and the nitrogen heterocycles that matter in biology: pyridine, pyrimidine, purine, pyrrole and imidazole.
Biomolecules
What to know: Aldoses and ketoses, pentoses and hexoses, chiral carbons and D/L forms, open-chain and ring forms of glucose, glycosidic bonds in disaccharides, and starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Biomolecules
What to know: The general structure of an amino acid, zwitterions, the peptide bond formed by condensation, and the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure.
Lesson (members): Biomolecules & biochemical chemistrySample question 39
Biomolecules
What to know: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, triglycerides as esters of glycerol, phospholipids and their amphipathic shape, steroids such as cholesterol, and saponification.
Biomolecules
What to know: A nucleoside as base plus sugar and a nucleotide as base, sugar and phosphate, purines and pyrimidines, ribose against deoxyribose, the differences between DNA and RNA, and ATP.
Lesson (members): Biomolecules & biochemical chemistrySample question 40
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Test yourself on the list
The free sample test sets 100 questions in the exam's own format, every one explained. The Pécs Entrance Exam guide has the format, dates and scoring in full.