Official topics · annotated
Comenius Martin Entrance Exam 2027: Full Topic List (Syllabus)
Martin's written test is 80 questions, 40 Chemistry and 40 Biology, each with six options and one correct answer worth one point. Everything it covers is in the scope of the faculty's own two preparation guides, quoted here in full: 22 Chemistry topics and 47 in Biology.
All 69 topics of Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University's official topic list, in its own words, each with what to know, the IvyTest lessons that teach it. Tick a topic off when you have it; your ticks stay in this browser.
Based on "Preparing for the admission exam: Our guides in Chemistry and Biology", the page on Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University's admissions site, as it read on 30 October 2026 (dated 4 April 2023). The official wording is quoted as printed; the notes and links are IvyTest's.
Before you start
How to use this list
JFMED's Admission process page links two preparation guides, one for Chemistry and one for Biology, each a PDF from 2023 with the subject's scope and 40 mock questions "selected from the previous entry exams". The scope names topics only, with no weighting, and the guides say the exam "is structured around the content and scope of the learning covered at the secondary (high school) school in Slovakia". They also still say the exam lasts two hours; the faculty's regulation now gives 80 minutes. Neither guide numbers its topics: each Biology label, and each Organic chemistry paragraph, is one topic here, and the General and inorganic chemistry paragraph is broken where the subject changes. Every word is quoted as printed. Work through a heading at a time: read the note, learn it from the lesson, then tick it.
The lessons are part of the Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University Complete Admissions System and open for students who have it; a lesson marked "members" links to the Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University guide, which says what it includes.
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Comenius University Martin Admission Exam
What's not on the test
Anything outside Chemistry and Biology. Both guides open: "JFMED admission exam is held online and in two subjects; chemistry and biology", 40 questions in each, so there is no Physics, Mathematics, logic or general-knowledge section. The level is Slovak secondary school.
10 topics
General and inorganic chemistry
Matter, Measurement and Units
What to know: Classify matter as element, compound or mixture; tell a physical change from a chemical one; convert units, and work with density, temperature, energy units and relative molecular weight.
The Mole and Stoichiometry
What to know: The Avogadro constant (6.022 × 10²³ per mole), moles of a compound from its formula, and conversion between grams, moles and particles.
Lesson (members): Measurement, quantities & the moleLesson (members): Stoichiometry & chemical equations
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
What to know: Protons, neutrons and electrons, atomic and mass number, ions and isotopes, average atomic weight, radioactivity and ionizing radiation, electron configurations, and metals against non-metals across the periodic table.
Lesson (members): Atomic structure & electronic configurationLesson (members): Periodic table & periodic trends
Oxidation and Reduction
What to know: Oxidation is loss of electrons and reduction is gain; the two always happen together, and the electrons lost equal the electrons gained.
Chemical Bonding and Nomenclature
What to know: Ionic, covalent and coordinate covalent bonds, electronegativity and polarity, molecular shape, and writing and naming ionic compounds from their ions.
Lesson (members): Chemical bonding & molecular structureLesson (members): Inorganic nomenclature
The Mole and Stoichiometry
What to know: Balance an equation, read its coefficients as mole ratios, and convert mole to mole, mole to gram and gram to gram; recognise the reaction types, redox among them, and the heat a reaction gives out or takes in.
States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
What to know: How gases, liquids and solids differ, the intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonding above all) that set boiling points, and the classes of crystalline solid.
Lesson (members): States of matter & gas lawsLesson (members): Intermolecular forces
Solutions, Concentration and Osmosis
What to know: Solubility, electrolytes, molarity and the other concentration expressions, colligative properties and osmotic pressure, colloids, and how osmosis moves water across membranes.
Lesson (members): Solutions, solubility & concentrationLesson (members): Hydrolysis, complexes & colloids
Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Equilibrium
What to know: Enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy (a reaction is spontaneous when ΔG is negative), reaction rate and activation energy, and the equilibrium constant of a reversible reaction.
Lesson (members): Thermochemistry & thermodynamicsLesson (members): Reaction kineticsLesson (members): Chemical equilibrium
Acids, Bases and pH
What to know: The Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions, strong against weak acids and bases, the ionization of water and pH, neutralization, and how indicators work.
12 topics
Organic chemistry and biochemistry
Foundations of Organic Chemistry
What to know: Carbon's four bonds, structural and condensed formulas, functional groups and homologous series, isomerism, and the geometry around a carbon atom.
Lesson (members): Organic chemistry foundations & nomenclatureLesson (members): Isomerism & stereochemistry
Foundations of Organic Chemistry
What to know: Systematic and common names of organic compounds, writing a structure from its name, and naming isomers.
Lesson (members): Organic chemistry foundations & nomenclatureLesson (members): Isomerism & stereochemistry
Hydrocarbons and Halogen Derivatives
What to know: Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, cis-trans isomerism around a double bond, addition and polymerization, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogenated hydrocarbons.
Lesson (members): Hydrocarbons & aromatic compoundsLesson (members): Isomerism & stereochemistry
Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols and Ethers
What to know: The hydroxyl group and hydrogen bonding in alcohols, how alcohols are named, and their dehydration and oxidation (primary to aldehyde and acid, secondary to ketone).
Carbonyl and Carboxyl Compounds
What to know: The carbonyl group, naming aldehydes and ketones, their oxidation and reduction, hemiacetal and aldol additions, reactions with nitrogen compounds, and phenols, thiols and ethers.
Lesson (members): Aldehydes & ketonesLesson (members): Alcohols, phenols, ethers & thiols
Saccharides
What to know: Chirality and Fischer projections, D- and L-sugars, ring closure to hemiacetals in Haworth projections, mutarotation, reducing against non-reducing sugars, and the di- and polysaccharides.
Lesson (members): Biomolecules & biochemical chemistryLesson (members): Isomerism & stereochemistry
Carbonyl and Carboxyl Compounds
What to know: Primary, secondary and tertiary amines, how they are named, and why they are bases.
Carbonyl and Carboxyl Compounds
What to know: Naming carboxylic acids, their acidity and salts (soaps), esterification and ester hydrolysis, phosphate esters and thioesters, anhydrides, and amides.
Lipids and Membrane Chemistry
What to know: Waxes, fats and oils, hydrogenation and hydrolysis, phospholipids and the lipid bilayer, and steroids.
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
What to know: Amino-acid structure and classes, the peptide bond, the four levels of protein structure, and denaturation and hydrolysis.
Lesson (members): Biomolecules & biochemical chemistryLesson (members): Isomerism & stereochemistry
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
What to know: What DNA and RNA are made of, the double helix, the genetic code, and protein synthesis by transcription then translation.
Enzymes, Vitamins, ATP and Hormones
What to know: How enzymes are built, classified and named, the enzyme-substrate complex, what affects catalysis, inhibition, coenzymes and vitamins, ATP's role, and the classes of hormone.
8 topics
CYTOLOGY
Cell Fundamentals and Biomolecules
What to know: How prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ, and the inorganic and organic molecules of the cell: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
Lesson (members): Cell theory, prokaryotes & eukaryotesLesson (members): CarbohydratesLesson (members): Lipids & biological membranesLesson (members): Proteins & enzymesLesson (members): Nucleic acids & nucleotides
Biomembranes and Transport
What to know: The structure of the plasma membrane, diffusion, osmosis and active transport, what osmosis does to plant and animal cells, endocytosis and exocytosis, and cell signalling.
Lesson (members): Cell membranes & membrane transportLesson (members): Cell signalling & receptors
Prokaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea
What to know: The bacterial chromosome and plasmids, cell wall, capsule, flagella and pili, bacteria against archaebacteria, conjugation, transformation and transduction, and bacterial diseases.
Lesson (members): Bacteria, viruses & microorganismsLesson (members): Biodiversity & classification
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
What to know: Nuclear and extra-nuclear DNA, the membranous organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles) and the non-membranous ones (ribosomes, cytoskeleton).
Cellular Metabolism and Energy
What to know: Catabolism and anabolism, aerobic against anaerobic metabolism, and autotrophs against heterotrophs.
Lesson (members): ATP, redox & energy couplingLesson (members): Fermentation & anaerobic metabolism
Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis
What to know: Amitosis against mitosis, the phases G0, G1, S, G2 and M, and how cell division is regulated.
Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis
What to know: The phases of meiosis I and II, and why meiosis halves the chromosome number.
Viruses
What to know: What a virus is made of, the lytic and lysogenic cycles, how viruses are classified, and the diseases they cause.
6 topics
PLANTS
Plant Cells, Tissues and Organs
What to know: The plant cell wall and the organelles a plant cell has that an animal cell lacks.
Plant Cells, Tissues and Organs
What to know: Meristem, parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, the transport tissues (xylem and phloem), and dermal and secretory tissue.
Plant Cells, Tissues and Organs
What to know: Root, stem and leaf as vegetative organs; flower, stamen and pistil as generative ones; and how fertilisation happens in plants.
Plant Metabolism and Reproduction
What to know: Photosynthesis against plant respiration, and saprophytic, semiparasitic, parasitic and mixotrophic plants.
Lesson (members): PhotosynthesisLesson (members): ATP, redox & energy coupling
Plant Metabolism and Reproduction
What to know: Plant nutrition and the hormones that regulate growth.
Plant Metabolism and Reproduction
What to know: Vegetative against sexual reproduction in plants.
10 topics
ANIMALS
Unicellular Organisms and Animal Diversity
What to know: The groups of unicellular organisms, the diseases their representatives cause, and their life cycles and reproduction.
Lesson (members): Parasitology & host–parasite relationshipsLesson (members): Biodiversity & classification
Animal Nutrition and Gas Exchange
What to know: Metabolism and energy flow, how animals feed and digest, and how the digestive system evolved.
Lesson (members): Digestive system & nutritionLesson (members): ATP, redox & energy coupling
Animal Nutrition and Gas Exchange
What to know: Gas exchange across the animal classes, from body surface to gills, tracheae and lungs.
Animal Circulation and Excretion
What to know: Body fluids, open against closed circulation, blood flow, blood groups and clotting, and how circulation evolved.
Animal Circulation and Excretion
What to know: How the excretory system evolved, the nephron, and how urine is formed.
Animal Regulation and Movement
What to know: Direct and indirect hormone action, and how hormone levels are kept in range.
Animal Regulation and Movement
What to know: Nervous systems across the animal classes, the neurone, the vertebrate CNS, reflexes (conditioned and unconditioned), memory and learning.
Animal Regulation and Movement
What to know: Smooth, striated and heart muscle, red and white fibres by myoglobin, energy for contraction, fatigue, the contraction mechanism, and how locomotion evolved.
Animal Immunity and Reproduction
What to know: Non-specific against specific immunity, and passive against active immunisation.
Animal Immunity and Reproduction
What to know: Sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism, life cycles, and gametes: isogamy against anisogamy.
Lesson (members): Reproductive system & human developmentLesson (members): Meiosis & gametogenesis
9 topics
GENETICS
Genetic Terminology and Information Flow
What to know: Gene, allele, genotype and phenotype, homozygous and heterozygous, autosomes and sex chromosomes, genome and karyotype: the words every genetics question is written in.
Genetic Terminology and Information Flow
What to know: DNA replication, gene expression by transcription and translation, prokaryotic against eukaryotic genes, and the types of human chromosome.
Lesson (members): DNA structure & replicationLesson (members): Transcription, RNA & translationLesson (members): Gene regulation, mutations & biotechnology
Mendelian and Blood-Group Inheritance
What to know: Complete and incomplete dominance and codominance, monohybrid, dihybrid and back crosses, ABO inheritance, and autosomal dominant and recessive patterns.
Lesson (members): Mendelian geneticsLesson (members): Non-Mendelian & human genetics
Sex-Linked Inheritance and Linkage
What to know: XX/XY and the Drosophila and Abraxas systems, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive and Y-linked inheritance, sex-influenced and sex-limited traits.
Sex-Linked Inheritance and Linkage
What to know: Morgan's rules: genes on one chromosome travel together unless crossing over separates them.
Mutations and Population Genetics
What to know: Mutagens, gene mutations (substitution, insertion, deletion), structural and numerical chromosome mutations, and the disorders they cause.
Lesson (members): Gene regulation, mutations & biotechnologyLesson (members): Cytogenetics & chromosomal abnormalities
Mutations and Population Genetics
What to know: Epistasis and additive effects between genes at different loci.
Mutations and Population Genetics
What to know: The Hardy-Weinberg law (p² + 2pq + q² = 1) and what breaks the equilibrium: selection, migration, genetic drift and mutation.
Mutations and Population Genetics
What to know: The methods of human genetics, genetic diseases and dispositions, and genetic counselling.
14 topics
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Human Skeleton and Muscles
What to know: Bone structure and types, joints, and the bones of the human body.
Human Skeleton and Muscles
What to know: The types of muscle, the muscle groups and their nerve supply.
Human Blood, Heart and Vessels
What to know: Blood's composition and volume, the blood cells and where they are made, sedimentation, haemoglobin types, ABO and Rh, clotting and transfusion.
Human Blood, Heart and Vessels
What to know: The heart's chambers and valves, its nerve and blood supply, stroke and minute volume, and how its activity is regulated.
Human Blood, Heart and Vessels
What to know: Arteries, veins and capillaries, blood pressure and its regulation, lymph, and haemostasis, embolism and thrombosis.
Human Respiration and Digestion
What to know: The airways and lungs, breathing in and out, internal and external gas exchange, the control of breathing and protective reflexes.
Human Respiration and Digestion
What to know: The digestive tract and glands, digestive juices, digestion of each food group, the liver, and the vitamins with their deficiency states.
Vitamins, Kidneys and Body Fluids
What to know: Kidney and nephron structure, primary against secondary urine, how kidney function is regulated, the urinary tract, and the skin's part in excretion.
Lesson (members): Urinary system, kidney & osmoregulationLesson (members): Integumentary system
Human Endocrine and Nervous Systems
What to know: Neural against chemical (hormonal) regulation, and how the two work together.
Lesson (members): Nervous system & sensory physiologyLesson (members): Endocrine system & hormones
Human Endocrine and Nervous Systems
What to know: The endocrine glands and their hormones, feedback control of secretion, and each hormone's main effects.
Human Endocrine and Nervous Systems
What to know: The neurone and synapse, the brain's parts, spinal cord and nerves, the reflex arc, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Receptors, Immunity and Reproduction
What to know: Receptors by location (extero-, intero-, proprioceptors) and by stimulus (radio-, chemo-, mechano-, photoreceptors), and adaptation.
Receptors, Immunity and Reproduction
What to know: The organs and cells of the immune system, innate against acquired immunity, and allergy.
Receptors, Immunity and Reproduction
What to know: The female organs and the ovarian and uterine cycles, fertilisation, pregnancy and prenatal development, the male organs and sperm development.
Lesson (members): Reproductive system & human developmentLesson (members): Meiosis & gametogenesis
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Test yourself on the list
The Comenius University Martin Admission Exam guide has the format, dates and scoring in full, and practice questions in the exam's own format, every one explained.